Urinalysis: red blood cells

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Sections available in full article Overview, Uses, Sampling, Source of test material, Quantity of test material, Sample collection technique, Quality control, Test (s), Methodologies, Availability, Technique (intrinsic) limitations, Result data, Normal (reference) values, Abnormal values, Errors and Artifacts, Sources, Publications, Vetstream contributor(s), Organization(s),
Contributors Dr Kathleen P Freeman DVM MS PhD MRCVS
Dr Karen L Gerber BVSc(Hons) DipACVP(clin path) MRCVS Accredited Specialist Clinical Pathologist (Australia)
Dr Andy Torrance MA VetMB PhD DipACVIM MRCVS

Overview

  • To detect hematuria.
  • Useful in urinary tract inflammation, prostatic disease  Prostate gland: disease  , urolithiasis  Urolithiasis  and calculi.

Uses

Alone

  • Hematuria due to urinary tract inflammation.

In combination

  • Ultrasonography  Ultrasonography: bladder and urinary tract  to assess kidneys, prostate and bladder.
  • Hematology  Hematology: complete blood count (CBC)  to assess urinary tract infection.
  • Urine culture and sensitivity  Urinalysis: culture and sensitivity  to assess urinary tract infection.
  • Prostatic wash to assess prostatic disease  Prostate gland: disease  .

Result data

Normal (reference) values


Dipstick
  • Negative.

Microscopic examination

  • Cystocentesis  Cystocentesis  : 0-3 RBCs/high power field
  • Catheterization: 0-5 RBCs/high power field.
  • Free flow sample: 0-7 RBCs/high power field.

Abnormal values

Hematuria
In cats, nonseptic cystitis  Lower urinary tract disease  , eg feline urologic syndrome, is a common cause.
  • Non-septic inflammation  Lower urinary tract disease  .
  • Coagulopathy  Hemostatic disorders: acquired  .
  • Cystic prostatic disease  Prostate gland: disease  .
  • Trauma (exogenous, surgical or calculi).
  • Neoplasia  Bladder: neoplasia  .
  • Leptospirosis  Leptospira interrogans  .
  • Renal infarct  Kidney: ischemia  .
  • Urinary parasites.
  • Extreme, vigorous exercise.
  • Glomerulonephritis  Glomerulonephritis  .

Errors and Artifacts

  • Do not allow run-off between pads.
  • Compare color at correct time.
  • Use urine at room temperature.
  • Use fresh sample.
  • Centrifuge speed <5000 rpm.
  • Trauma during sampling.
  • Contamination with vaginal/preputial secretion.
  • Hemolysis occurs in hyposthenuric urine, very acid urine, very alkaline urine.
Hematuria
  • Increase (hemoglobulinuria, myoglobulinuria): trauma during sampling, contamination with vaginal/preputial secretion.
  • Decrease: hemolysis occurs in hyposthenuric urine, very acid urine, very alkaline urine.

Sources

Publications

Other sources of information

  • Kaneko J J (1997) Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 5th edn. Harvey J W & Bruss M L (eds). Academic Press, Boston.
  • Duncan J R, Prasse K W & Mahaffy E A (1994) Veterinary Laboratory Medicine Clinical Pathology. 3rd edn. Iowa University Press, Ames, Iowa.

Organization (s)

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