Nasal cavity: neoplasia

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Sections available in full article Introduction, Presenting signs, Geographic incidence, Age predisposition, Sex predisposition, Special risks (e.g. anesthetic), Pathogenesis, Etiology, Pathophysiology, Timecourse (incubation, duration), Diagnosis, Presenting problems, Client history, Clinical signs, Diagnostic investigation, Confirmation of diagnosis, Gross autopsy findings, Histopathology findings, Differential diagnosis, Treatment, Initial symptomatic treatment, Standard treatment, Monitoring, Subsequent management, Sequelae, Prognosis, Expected response to treatment, Reasons for treatment failure, Sources, Publications, Vetstream contributor(s),
Contributors Dr Susan North BSc PhD DVM DACVIM(Onc)
Dr William Brewer Jr DVM DiplACVIM Oncology and Internal Medicine

Introduction

  • Tumors arise for nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
  • Less common than in the dog.
  • 90% of tumors are malignant.
  • Cause : predominantly lymphomas, carcinomas also seen (adenocarcinoma  Adenoma adenocarcinoma  , squamous cell carcinoma  Squamous cell carcinoma  ).
  • Fibrosarcoma  Fibrosarcoma   uncommon, also chondrosarcoma  Chondrosarcoma  , osteosarcoma  Osteosarcoma  .
  • Benign polyps rare.
  • Signs : related to primary tumor, ie upper respiratory, slow to metastasize.
  • Diagnosis : radiography, histopathology.
  • Treatment : chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery.
  • Prognosis : poor if malignant; excellent for polyps.

Diagnosis

Clinical signs

  • Unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge - mucoid, serous, mucopurulent or hemorrhagic.
  • Sneezing.
  • Upper respiratory obstruction, noisy breathing.
  • Facial deformity.
  • Epiphora.
  • Anorexia, depression - inability to smell.

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

  • Causes of rhinitis  Rhinitis  - bacterial, viral, fungal, foreign body.
  • Nasopharyngeal polyps  Nasopharyngeal polyp  from middle ear.

Sequelae

Prognosis

  • Malignant tumors - carcinomas reasonably good, but recurrence likely.
  • 44% survival at 1 year.
  • Lymphoma treated with multimodalities good.
  • Polyps/benign tumors - excellent.

Expected response to treatment

  • Improvement of clinical signs.
  • Non-recurrence.
  • No tumor progression.

Reasons for treatment failure

  • Too extensive to treat - pronounced facial deformity or neurological signs due to erosion of cribriform plate.
  • Poor response to treatment.
  • Rapid recurrence locally within nasal cavity despite treatment.
  • Distant spread (rare - except for lymphoma where disease may occur at new site, eg kidney).

Sources

Publications

Refereed papers

  • Mellanby RJ, Herrtage ME & Dobson JM. (2002)Long-term outcome of eight cats with non-lymphoproliferative nasal tumours treated by megavoltage radiotherapy.J Feline Med Surg.4(2), 77-81.
  • Galloway P E, Kyles A & Henderson J P (1997)Nasal polyps in a cat.JSAP38, 78-80.
  • Theon A P, Peaston A E, Madewell B R & Dungworth D L (1994)Irradiation of nonlymphoproliferative neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in 16 cats.JAVMA204, 78-83.
  • Elmslie R E, Ogilvie G K, Gillette E L & McChesney-Gillette S (1991)Radiotherapy with and without chemotherapy for localized lymphoma in 10 cats.Vet Radiol32, 277-280.
  • Straw R C, Withrow S J, Gillete E L & McChesney A E (1986)Use of radiotherapy for the treatment of intranasal tumors in cats - six cases (1980-1985).JAVMA189, 927-929.
  • Evans S M & Hendrick M (1989)Radiotherapy of feline nasal tumors.Vet Radiol30, 128-132.
  • Legendre A M, Krahwinkel D J & Spaulding K A (1981)Feline nasal and paranasal sinus tumors.JAAHA17, 1038-1039.

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