Gingivitis and stomatitis

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Sections available in full article Introduction, Presenting signs, Age predisposition, Sex predisposition, Breed predisposition, Pathogenesis, Etiology, Predisposing factors, Pathophysiology, Timecourse (incubation, duration), Diagnosis, Presenting problems, Client history, Clinical signs, Diagnostic investigation, Confirmation of diagnosis, Differential diagnosis, Treatment, Initial symptomatic treatment, Sequelae, Prognosis, Expected response to treatment, Reasons for treatment failure, Sources, Publications, Vetstream contributor(s),
Contributors Mr David Crossley BVetMed FAVD MRCVS
Synonyms Faucitis, feline gingivitis - pharyngitis, plasmacytic-lymphocytic gingivitis

Introduction

  • Cause : periodontal disease, viral infections, systemic disease, immunosuppression eg FeLV  Feline leukemia virus disease  or FIV  Feline immunodeficiency virus disease  .
  • Signs : inflammation of gingiva and oral mucosa, bleeding gingiva.
  • Diagnosis : identification of underlying cause.
  • Treatment : depends on etiology.
  • Prognosis : guarded for resolution, poor if underlying disease.
    Print out the Owner fact sheet on dental disease  Dental disease in your cat  to give to your client.

Diagnosis

Clinical signs

  • Visible inflammation of gingiva  Mouth: gingivitis 01   Mouth: gingivitis 03   Mouth: gingivitis 02   Mouth: gingivitis and subgingival resorptive lesion  and oral mucosal surfaces  Mouth: gingivitis associated with periodontitis  . Bilateral symmetry usual.
  • Blood-tinged salivation.
  • Mucosal bleeding.
  • Submandibular lymph node enlargement.

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

  • Oral/gingival neoplasia - usually not bilaterally symmetrical, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.
  • Eosinophilic granuloma  Eosinophilic granuloma complex  .
  • Chemical irritant ingestion - acute.
  • Trauma, eg electrical burn, physical damage - acute.
  • Autoimmune diseases  Pemphigus vulgaris  .
  • Drug reactions  Drug eruption  .

Sequelae

Prognosis

  • Guarded - often relapse.
  • Good - if disease direct result of dental disease that is treated.

Expected response to treatment

  • Resolution of inflammation.

Reasons for treatment failure

  • Disease often intractable.

Sources

Publications

Refereed papers

  • Harley R, Gruffydd-Jones T J & Day M J (2003)Salivary and serum immunoglobulin levels in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis.Vet Rec(152)5, 125-129.
  • Williams C & Aller M S (1992).Gingivitis stomatitis in cats.Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract22, 1361-1383.

Other sources of information

  • Gaskell C J, Knowles J O & Gaskell R M (1988)Chronic stomatitis in the catVeterinary Annual 28th Edition. Grunsell CSG, Raw ME, Hill FWG pp246-250.

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