Introduction
- Cause : Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite of the cat; dogs, humans, etc are intermediate hosts.
- Infection via sporulated oocysts from cat feces, undercooked meat or transplacental.
- Signs : usually subclinical, occasional severe multisystemic or central nervous system (CNS) infection.
- Diagnosis : asymptomatic.
- Treatment : clindamycin, additional drugs.
- Prognosis : good to fair.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs
- Dyspnea.
- Vomiting.
- Diarrhea.
- Abdominal pain (pancreatitis).
- Cutaneous lesions (rare).
- Pyrexia.
- Jaundice.
- Spastic hindlimb paralysis (puppies).
- Depression.
- Hyperexcitability.
- Seizures.
- Tremor.
- Paresis/paralysis.
- Ophthalmitis, especially uveitis.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Neurological disease
- Neosporum caninum
. - Canine distemper encephalitis (NB. often concurrent infection)
. - Cryptococcus (rare).
- Rabies
. - Tick-borne encephalitis.
- Neuroborreliosis.
- Psedorabies
.
Systemic disease Respiratory disease
Sequelae
Prognosis
Subclinical infection
- Good unless immunosuppressed or concurrent distemper infection.
- Fair with appropriate therapy.
Expected response to treatment
- Clinical signs should start to resolve within 24-48 h of initiation of therapy.
Reasons for treatment failure
- Too severe.
- Concurrent immunosuppression/distemper infection.
- Inappropriate therapy.
- Incorrect diagnosis.
- Failure of client compliance.
Sources
Publications
Refereed papers
- Cook A J, Gilbert R E, Buffolano W, Zufferey J et al(2000) Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women - European multicenter case control study. BMJ, 142-147.
- Dubey J P (1994) Toxoplasmosis. JAVMA 205 (11), 1593. (General review with an emphasis on zoonotic aspects.)
Other sources of information
- Taboada J & Merchant S R (1995) Protozoal and miscellaneous infections. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine.Eds: S J Ettinger & E C Feldman. 4th edn. Philadelphia: W B Saunders. pp 384. (Brief but comprehensive review.)





