Introduction
- Uncommon condition, characterized by dilated nephron segments, fluid-filled involving the glomerular capsule or any portion of the renal tubules.
- Cause : genetic or acquired.
- Signs : asymptomatic or chronic renal failure, or symptoms due to infection of the cysts.
- Diagnosis : abdominal enlargement, polydipsia, polyuria, pyrexia.
- Treatment : antibiotics.
- Prognosis : good to poor.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs
- Renal enlargement.
- Irregular kidney surface (loss of normal bean shape).
- Pyrexia.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
- Renal hematoma
is usually single. May have a similar appearance on ultrasonography. - Renal neoplasia - usually irregular and hypoechoic on ultrasonography.
- Renal abscess irregular and hypoechoic on ultrasonography and usually has a thicker wall than a cyst.
- Hydronephrosis dilated anechoic renal pelvis on ultrasonography, surrounded by echogenic (renal) tissue.
Sequelae
Prognosis
- Good: If normal renal function and if disease does not progress (more likely in acquired disease).
- Poor: If renal function severely affected or if familial polycystic renal disease (usually progresses).
Expected response to treatment
- Resolution of hematuria, polyuria.
- Non-progression of azotemia.
Reasons for treatment failure
- Cyst infection can be very difficult to control because of poor penetration of antibiotics → nephrectomy may be indicated, depending on function of remaining kidney.
- Disease progresses → renal failure.
