Cystitis

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Sections available in full article Introduction, Presenting signs, Age predisposition, Sex predisposition, Pathogenesis, Etiology, Predisposing factors, Pathophysiology, Timecourse (incubation, duration), Diagnosis, Presenting problems, Client history, Clinical signs, Diagnostic investigation, Confirmation of diagnosis, Gross autopsy findings, Histopathology findings, Differential diagnosis, Treatment, Initial symptomatic treatment, Standard treatment, Prevention, Control, Prophylaxis, Sequelae, Prognosis, Expected response to treatment, Reasons for treatment failure, Sources, Publications, Vetstream contributor(s),
Contributors Dr Phil Nicholls BVSc BSc PhD MRCVS MRCPath
Dr Melissa Wallace DVM DipACVIM

Introduction

  • Inflammation of the bladder.
  • Cause : usually an ascending bacterial infection; predisposing factors are necessary for this opportunistic infection.
  • Signs : stranguria, dysuria, increased frequency of urination (pollakiuria) and small amounts of urine, hematuria.
  • Treatment : antibiotics.
  • Sequelae : ascending urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis), diskospondylitis (rarely), prostatitis, sepsis, urolithiasis.
  • Prognosis : good if uncomplicated; guarded if chronic; poor if secondary to malignant neoplasia.

Diagnosis

Clinical signs

  • Small, empty bladder on abdominal palpation is most common.
  • Thickened bladder wall on abdominal palpation.

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis



Secondary cystitis
  • Bladder diverticulum Bladder: diverticulum.
  • Urolithiasis Ureter: urolithiasis.
  • Neoplasia Ureter: neoplasiaBladder: neoplasiaUrethra: neoplasia.
  • Lower urinary tract obstruction Urinary obstructionUrethra: obstruction
  • Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus.
  • Hyperadrenocorticism Hyperadrenocorticism.
  • Chemotherapeutic agents (cyclophosphamide causes sterile hemorrhagic cystitis).
  • Urethral dysfunction, bladder dysfunction.
  • Fanconi's syndrome Fanconis syndrome.
Hematuria
  • Trauma Bladder: trauma ruptureBladder: rupture - radiographBladder: rupture - positive cystogram.
  • Neoplasia Ureter: neoplasiaBladder: neoplasiaUrethra: neoplasia.
  • Clotting disorders.
  • Renal hemorrhage (idiopathic, renal neoplasia, trauma).
  • Prostatic disorders Prostate: benign hyperplasiaProstate: abscessationProstate: cystProstate: neoplasia.
Tenesmus
  • Colon disease Colitis: overview.
  • (Peri-)anal or rectal disease Perianal fistulaAnal sac impactionAnal sacculitis.
  • Constipation Constipation or obstipation.
  • Prostate disease Prostate: benign hyperplasiaProstate: abscessationProstate: cystProstate: neoplasia.

Sequelae

Prognosis

  • Good: if uncomplicated primary cystitis and underlying cause identified and removed.
  • Guarded: if cannot remove underlying cause, or if complications, eg severe prostatitis, diskospondylitis, sepsis, pyelonephritis.
  • Poor: if underlying malignant neoplasia.

Expected response to treatment

  • Resolution of clinical signs usually within days of starting appropriate treatment.

Reasons for treatment failure

  • Inappropriate antibiotic (not based on urine culture/sensitivity).
  • Underlying cause not identified.
  • Complications have occurred, eg prostatitis, diskospondylitis, septicemia, pyelonephritis.
  • Candidal urinary tract infection in immunocompromised animal or after long-term antibiotic therapy.
  • Imbedded bacterial infections 'hidden' in kidney/prostate/bladder wall.

Sources

Publications

Refereed papers

  • Ling G V et al(2001) Interrelations of organism prevalence, specimen collection method, and host age, sex, and breed among 8534 canine urinary tract infections (1969-1995). JVIM 15 (4), 341-347.
  • Norris C R, Williams B J et al(2000) Recurrent and persistent urinary trct infections in dogs - 383 cases (1969-1995). JAAHA 36 , 484-492.
  • Low D A, Braaten B A, Ling G V, Johnson D L & Ruby A L (1988) Isolation and comparison of Escherichia coli strains from canine and human patients with urinary tract infections. Infect Immun 56 (10), 2601-2609.
  • Thomsen M K, Svane L C & Poulsen P H (1986) Canine urinary tract infection. Detection, prevalence and therapeutic consequences of bacteriuria. Nord Vet Med 38 (6), 394-402.
  • Ginder D R (1974) Urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli in dogs infected with canine adenovirus. J Infect Dis 129 (6), 715-719.

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