Cartilaginous exostosis

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Sections available in full article Introduction, Presenting signs, Age predisposition, Sex predisposition, Pathogenesis, Etiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Presenting problems, Client history, Clinical signs, Diagnostic investigation, Confirmation of diagnosis, Gross autopsy findings, Histopathology findings, Differential diagnosis, Treatment, Standard treatment, Prevention, Control, Sequelae, Prognosis, Expected response to treatment, Reasons for treatment failure, Sources, Publications, Vetstream contributor(s),
Contributors Prof Mark Rochat DVM MS DipACVS
Synonyms Osteochondromatosis, hereditary multiple exostosis, diaphyseal aclasis, deforming chondrodysplasia, multiple cartilaginous exostosis

Introduction

  • Benign proliferative disease of cartilage and bone.
  • Incidence: predominantly young dogs; familial tendency.
  • Signs : bony enlargements - any bone of skeleton except skull, but especially vertebrae, ribs, long bones; lameness where interferes with normal joint movement, muscle function or impinges on nerves.
  • Diagnosis : radiography.
  • Treatment : surgical removal - unnecessary unless causing pain or dysfunction.
  • Prognosis : good where no clinical complications and animal skeletally mature; guarded where animal still growing.
  • A very small proportion undergo malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma /osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma.

Diagnosis

Clinical signs

  • Focal palpable bony enlargement, especially long bones, vertebrae, ribs.
  • Pain.
  • Neurological deficit.

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

  • Bone neoplasia Bone: neoplasia.
  • Hypertrophic osteopathy Hypertrophic osteopathy.
  • Intervertebral disk protrusion.
  • Spondylosis Spondylosis deformans.
  • Wobbler syndrome Cervical spondylopathy.

Sequelae

Prognosis

  • Good where no clinical complications and animal skeletally mature.
  • A very small proportion undergo malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma/osteosarcoma - prognosis dependent on specific tumor type and largely unknown.

Expected response to treatment

  • Any change in size, shape or sensitivity of lesions after animal ceases to grow may indicate neoplastic transformation.

Reasons for treatment failure

  • Inadequate resection.

Sources

Publications

Refereed papers

  • Recent references from PubMed.
  • Capom T M, Read R A (1996) Osteochondrosis of the cervical spine causing compressive myelopathy in a dog JSAP 37 , 133-137.
  • Gregory S P, Pearson G R (1990) Synovial osteochondromatosis in a labrador retriever bitch JSAP 31 , 580-533.
  • Jacobson L S, Kirberger R M (1996) Canine multiple cartilagenous exostosis - unusual manifestations & a review of the literature JAAHA 32 , 45-51.

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